Answers to General Exercises (pp. 581-582) 1-13

1.

ἐάν τις ξίφος τ’ ὀξύτερον καὶ ἀσπίδα βαρεῖαν λαβὼν ἀποκτείνῃ τινά, ὦ ἄνδρες ψυχὴν ἀγαθοί, δεῖ τοῦτόν γε δίκην δοῦναι.

If someone, having taken a rather sharp sword and a heavy shield, kills someone, O men good with respect to your soul, it is necessary for him to pay the penalty [literally, to give justice].

• present general conditional sentence

2.

ἀρ’ εῖπες ὅτι Σωκράτης πολλῷ δικαιότερος εἴη Δημοσθένους; μὴ λεγέτω μηδεὶς μηδενὶ τοιοῦτόν γε λόγον. πάντων γὰρ δικαιότατος ἦν οὗτος.

DId you say that Socrates is much juster than Demosthenes? Let no one say such a word to anyone. For he was the most just of all.

• dative of degree of difference
• present optative in indirect question in secondary sequence
• imperative with μὴ
• one compound negative followed by another compound negative = emphasis

3.

ὦ ὁπλῖται, μὴ παύσησθε ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως μαχόμενοι. ἀεὶ γὰρ οὕτως ἐτάττεσθε πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ὥστε ἡ πᾶσα πόλις ἐσῴζετο.

O hoplites, don’t cease fighting on behalf of the city. For you were always drawing yourselves up in in order of battle against the enemies in such a way that the whole city was being saved.

• prohibitive subjunctive
• supplementary participle with verb of stopping/ceasing
• clause of actual result

4.

ὁπότε ἐξέλθοι ὁ στρατὸς εἰς μάχην, ἔπαυε δή που τοὺς βαρβάρους προσίοντας.

Whenever the army came out into battle, indeed I suppose it was stopping the approaching foreigners.

past general temporal clausesupplementary participle with verb of stopping/ceasing

5.

ἐρωτῶντος τοῦ μαθητοῦ ἥτις εἴη ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀληθὴς φύσις, οἱ ἀφρονέστεροι ἐφοβήθησαν μὴ τὴν ἀλήθειαν φαίη ὁ διδάσκων.

With the student asking what was the vtrue nature of virtue, the more foolish guys feared that the teacher would say the truth.

• genitive absolute
• indirect question in secondary sequence
• fear clause in secondary sequence

6.

ὑμεῖς γ’ ἐμηχανᾶσθέ που, ὦ ῥήτορες, ὅπως οἱ ἥττονες ὑπὸ τῶν κρειττόνων ἀρχθήσηονται. τί δὲ ταῦτ’ ἐπράξατε; ἐβούλεσθε δὴ ἄλλους εἰς κράτος καταστῆσαι ἵνα τὰ τοῦ δήμου κλέψητε αὐτοί;

You, at least, were I suppose contriving, O rhetors, how the weaker would be ruled by the stronger. And why did you do these things? Indeed were you wanting to establish others in power in order that you yourself might steal the things of the people?

• object clause of effort with future indicative
• purpose clause in secondary sequence with retained subjunctive

7.

εἰ ἐκείνης γέ τοι τῆς ἡμέρας τοὺς σώματι ἀγαθοὺς ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους μὴ ἐπέμψαμεν, πλείονες ἂν κακὰ ἔπαθον ὑπὸ τῶν παρὰ τὴν γέφυραν προσελθόντων.

If, let me tell you, during that day, at least, we had not sent the men, good with respect to their body, against the enemies, more men would have suffered bad things at the hands of the guys approaching toward the bridge.

• past contrafactual conditional sentence

8.

σοί γε δή, ἄδελφε, βιβλίον γραπτέον ἦν. οὐ γὰρ ἤθελες οὔτε ἀργύριον οὔτε ἵππους κλέπτειν ὡς ἄριστος ἀνθρώπων ὤν.

A book, brother, was having to be written by you, at least. For you were not wanting to be stealing either silver or horses since you were the best of men [since being the best of men].

• verbal adjective in -τεός with passive periphrastic
• circumstantial participle (causal, not speaker’s assertion)

9.

ὁπόσους ἂν πέμψῃς τοι, ὦ ἑταῖρε, τοσοῦτοι ἀποθανοῦνταί ποτε. ὡς φοβερώτατοι γάρ εἰσιν οἱ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ παραμείναντες.

However many men you send, O companion, so many will die at some time. For the guys remaining in the plain are as scary as possible.

• future more vivid sentence with (indefinite) relative protasis
• ὡς with the superlative
  

10.

ἐπειδὴ τοὺς φύλακας ἀνηρόμεθα περὶ Σωκράτους, ἐπυθόμεθα αὐτὸν ἀπολωλότα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπεκρίναντο οἱ τοῦτον φυλάξαντες ὅτι νῦν γε εἰδείησαν τὸ ἀγαθοῦ βίου τέλος.

When we asked the guards about Socrates, we learned that he had died, but the guys who guarded him also responded that now they knew the end of a good life.

• indirect statement with participle
• indirect statement with ὅτι/ὡς and finite verb in indirect discourse in secondary sequence

11.

τόν γ’ Εὐριπίδην ἐρωτῴητε δὴ οἵτινες τῶν πολιτῶν φαίνονται ἀμείνους ὄντες. χρὴ γὰρ πάντας τοὺς τοιούτους ἐξευρεῖν πως.

Indeed may you ask Euripides, at least, who among the citizens are apparently the better ones. For it is necessary to find all such men somehow.

• optative of wish
• indirect question
• φαίνονται with the participle (see page 572)
• impersonal χρὴ with the infinitive

12.

ἐξὸν ἡμῖν τοὺς ἀμείνους τιμῆσαι ἀντὶ τῶν πονηροτέρων, οὐκ ἂν δοίημεν δῶρον οὐδὲν οὐδενὶ αἰσχρὰ πεπραχότι.

It being possible for us to honor the better people instead of the baser ones, we would give no bribe to anyone who has done shameful things.

• accusative absolute with an impersonal verb
• accusative absolute in protasis of future less vivis condition
• one compound negative followed by another compound negative = emphasis

13.

ὁποῖοι εἴησαν οἱ κείμενοι νόμοι, τοιαύτη ἂν εἴη καὶ ἡ πόλις. ὑμεῖς οὖν οἱ κρείττονες θέσθε ἀγαθοὺς νόμους ὥστε πάντα πολίτην σωθῆναι.

However the established laws should be, so too would be the city. Therefore, you, the stronger people, establish good laws so as for the whole city to be saved.

• future less vivid condition with relative protasis
• imperative
• clause of natural result
• accusative subject of infinitive